The Nucleus

What is A Nucleus

  - The nucleus is basically the brain of the cell, it controls eating, movement, and reproduction.

- The Nucleus is not always found in the middle of the cell and you definitely will not find it near the edge because that might be a dangerous place for it to be. The nucleus will be a dark black spot in the cytoplasm somewhere.

- There isn't always only one nucleus in each cell, some cells have several nuclei. Some cells don't even have a nucleus.

The Function Of The Nucleus

- The nucleus has 2 major functions inside the cell. The first main function of the nucleus is that it stores the cells hereditary material, or DNA.

- The second main function of the nucleus is that coordinates the cells activities. (e.g. cell division, growth, intermediary metabolism, and protein synthesis.

Centrosome - The Most Important Organelle in the Cell

Noel Hodgson

CENTROSOME - THE MOST IMPORTANT ORGANELLE IN THE CELL 

The centrosome is a an organelle, only found in animal cells, near the nucleus of a cell that contains the centrioles and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division. Centrosomes are made of from arrangement of two barrel-shaped clusters of microtubules, called “centrioles,” and a complex of proteins that help additional microtubules to form.

Functions of the centrosome:

• Centrosomes are sometimes referred to as the “MTOC,” or “microtubule organizing center” of the cell.
• They serve to direct the movements of microtubules and other cytoskeletal structures and proteins, ultimately allowing large changes to the shapes of animal cell membranes.
• When animals cells want to change their shapes, complexes of proteins move the cell’s membranes along a network of microtubules – stiff “skeletal” fibers which can bend and change shape in response to intra- and extra-cellular signals.
• The largest changes to a cell’s membrane shape occurs during mitosis, when the entire cell splits in two to form daughter cells.
• Mitosis is also when centrosomes play a starring role as the organizers of the microtubules that pull sister chromatids apart, ensuring that each daughter cell gets a full complement of the parent cells’ DNA.
• Centrosomes can also orchestrate large changes to cell membrane shape under other circumstances, such as phagocytosis - this process occurs when the cell changes shape to completely wrap itself around and “swallow” another cell or item in its environment.

Vote for the centrosome in the 2018 Cell Election

Why should you vote for the centrosome? Well because in the absence of centrosomes, in most species, cells may begin dividing incorrectly or stop dividing at all if centrosomes are destroyed.

Mutations that harm centrosome function are associated with rates of cancer in some species, which is consistent with failures to correctly sort DNA. Biologists think that some cases of cancer are caused in by errors in copying and distribution of chromosomes.

Put the centrosome at centro-stage, by voting "centrosome," as the most important organelle in the cell!

References

Google Images, Google, images.google.com/.

Study.com, Study.com, study.com/academy/lesson/centrosome-definition-function-quiz.html.

Editors. “Centrosome - Definition, Function and Controversy.” Biology Dictionary, Biology Dictionary, 28 Apr. 2017, biologydictionary.net/centrosome/.
“IMovie.” Apple (Canada), www.apple.com/imovie/.

“Dictionary.com.” Dictionary.com, Dictionary.com, www.dictionary.com/.

Lysosome Campaign by Luke Tatomir

LYSOSOME

IF YOU'VE GOT SWAG HOMES, YOU'LL VOTE FOR LYSOSOMES

DEFINITION: an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane. 

FUNCTION: digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. 

WHY YOU SHOULD VOTE 

1. Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, almost like a stomach digests food.
2. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
3. Lysosomes recycle products of biochemical reactions. Various materials are processed in different ways, e.g. some structures may be degraded within lysosomes and others are taken to the surface of the cell. 

Organelle Blog: Peroxisome

The Poster, Blog, Slogan and References are attached to this link: 

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1uq4HWbf6CUMjyF4YCrXg77mG9C7MIpI-XpdxfTqYuAg/edit?usp=sharing

The Ribosome ~ Jason Daraiche

What Is A Ribosome?

• Ribosomes are cytoplasmic granules composed of protein and RNA. They are responsible for protein synthesis and appear in every living cell.
• They average roughly 0.25 micrometers in length and make up around 25% of the cell's mass.
• Over 15,000 ribosomes are within a single cell and are found floating freely and/or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

 

The Ribosome And Its Function

• Protein is an important component found in abundance of every cell in the body. It is used to make enzymes, hormones, build muscle, repair tissue, and compose other bodily chemicals. It is an essential nutrient of life that is the building block of blood, skin, muscles, and cartilage.
• Ribosomes create protein by making chains of polypeptide which are then folded to produce proteins.
• The creation of what kind of protein is determined by the ribosome's location. If it is floating freely within the cytoplasm then it will make proteins that will be utilized within the cell itself. If it is attached the rough endoplasmic reticulum however, then the proteins made are used for usage inside or even outside of the cell.
• The Ribosome relies on a complex, yet necessary reaction in which types of RNA's are involved to transcript, translate, and assemble proteins that can be used by the cell in order to do basic tasks.
• Not only is the Ribosome a necessity to basic life, but is so important to the point where almost all major organelles would not be able to function without it.

Why Is The Ribosome So Important?

• Ribosomes are vital, they are found in every cell and corresponding cell type.
• They are used hand in hand with almost every organelle and play a big role in their survival and function.
• If the Ribosome was absent in a Prokaryotic cell, or any cell for that matter, it would not live. But if a nucleus is absent in a Prokaryotic cell then the cell can live happily without it. 
• The rough endoplasmic reticulum would be completely non-existent if it wasn't for the ribosome.
• For a cell to function it needs proteins, proteins that can only come from the most important organelle, the Ribosome. 
• This two part protein making machine may be small and overlooked, however when boiled down is a constantly working, essential being, that supports and defines us as not only human beings, but living organisms in general.

Why You Should Vote Ribosome

• The Cellection is a formal election held in order to crown the "most important organelle within a cell". This election should be quite easy as the Ribosome is clearly the most important.
• It would be foolish as to vote for any other organelle as they all require Ribosomes to function.
• They are the most vital in the productive sense, sound the coolest, and even look the part.
• Making proteins is no simple job and its a shame that this organelles is constantly being overlooked and frowned upon because of its supposedly simple nature and small stature. 
• For a cell to be important, it must function and if it can't function, then is it really important?
• Ribosomes are unlike any other, and even though they may not be big or discussed about very often within communities like the unwanted and not needed nucleus or funny sounding mitochondria, they still create and make the biggest impact on a cell's desired life and function.
• So when asked the question of "which cell organelle is the most important?" don't hesitate or think twice, but instead proudly vote on the much deserved, soon to be winner. The Ribosome.

The Ribosome ~ Campaign Video

The Ribosome Campaign

References

Center for Molecular Biology of RNA. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://rna.ucsc.edu/rnacenter/ribosome.html

Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: Ribosomes. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/ribosomes/ribosomes.html

Nucleus and ribosomes. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/structure-of-a-cell/prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells/a/nucleus-and-ribosomes

". (2018). Ribosome. Retrieved from https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biology-and-genetics/cell-biology/ribosomes

Ribosomes. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/ribosome.html

Smith, C. (2017, November 21). Importance of Free Ribosomes. Retrieved from https://education.seattlepi.com/importance-ribosomes-5419.html

Cell Wall

Dawson Amaral

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum

(Smooth and Rough)

The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The Endoplasmic Reticulum works with every organelle in the cell and it transports proteins, lipids and other materials through the cell. It also carries out the metabolism of drug detoxification, carbohydrates, steroid metabolism and the attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins.

Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

                              

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum is associated with the production and metabolism of fats. It is called ‘smooth’ because it is not studded with ribosomes and it is associated with smooth slippery fasts and its functions differ. The smooth ER is involved in the synthesis of lipids which are used in the production of new cellular membrane. In certain cell types, smooth ER plays an important role in the synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol.

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in the protein folding, protein production, quality control and despatch. It is called ‘rough’ because it is studded with ribosomes. Rough ER lies adjacent to the cell nucleus, and its membrane is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.

A cell with no ER will not be able to transport protein into other organelles. Without proteins, membranes will not operate and no one is responsible for building and repairing of body tissues. Without the Endoplasmic Reticulum, there will be no proteins and you will not be able to survive!

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM=MOST IMPORTANT ORGANELLE IN THE CELL

References:

(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/endoplasmic-reticulum-golgi-apparatus-and-lysosomes-14053361

Cells - Dr. Hunter's Anatomy and Physiology. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/site/drhuntersanatomyandphysiology/cells

Endoplasmic reticulum. (2018, September 20). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Why am I so important? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://carmeportfolio.weebly.com/blog/endoplasmic-reticulum-why-am-i-so-important

Rogers, K. (2018, August 24). Endoplasmic reticulum. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/endoplasmic-reticulum

Cell Wall

The Cell Wall

      The Cell Wall is the most outer layer of a plant cell. It contains three contributing layers to the wall. These three layers include the Middle Lamella, the Primary Cell Wall, and on some cell walls the Secondary Cell Wall. The Middle Lamella is a layer that contains pectins. Pectins are what help with cell adhesion. In simple terms, this means that this helps all cells stick together to stay rigid. The Primary Cell Wall is the layer that acts as protection towards a cell when being attacked by viruses, it also acts as strength and stability for the entire cell. The Secondary Cell Wall only appears in some plant cells. It develops when the primary cell wall finishes its division and growth, this causes the wall to thicken which develops the Secondary Cell Wall. Another important act the Cell Wall performs is communication to other cells. It also regulates cell growth.

Why is the Cell Wall the Most Important Organelle?

- The Cell Wall's primary wall acts as a essential line of defense from viruses that attack the cell. Without this protection from the Cell Wall, the organelles inside the cell would suffer the consequences and would be completely compromised.

- It is vital for communication with other cells. If there were no forms of communication between the trillions of cells in a tree, it would not be capable of distributing the nutrients needed for it to survive. This example is parallel with hundreds of other plants.

- The Cell Wall provides strength and stability to a cell's structure mechanically. The cell wall is what gives plant cells their regular and usually hexagonal shape. It also contributes to the overall structure of the host that the cell is in. For example, the cell wall contributes to holding up a sunflower and its rigidity.

- The Cell Wall's Middle Lamella layer contains the pectins that act as the adhesive which keeps the trillions of cells in a plant sticking together. If there was no cell wall, the cells of a plant would not stick together nearly as good as cells with cell walls. 

Cell Wall Campaigning Merchandise-

"Make Eukaryota Great Again Hat" - 20 ATP 

"I Love It Vote 4 Cell Wall Tee" - 50 ATP 

References

Cooper, G. M. (1970, January 01). The Origin and Evolution of Cells. Retrieved September 20,

2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9841/

Vaibhav, S., Lauren, M. S., & Vincent, B. (2017, July). Plant Cell Walls. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0001682.html

Bailey, R. (2018, August 6). Cell Wall Structure and Function. Retrieved September 20, 2018,

from https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-wall-373613

Scitable. (2014). Plant Cells, Chloroplasts, and Cells Walls. Retrieved September 22, 2018, from

https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/plant-cells-chloroplasts-and-cell-walls-14053956

Conner Lowhorn's Video- https://youtu.be/YJUdNG88g0I

Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Apparatus

Why wouldn't you vote for me? I'm the Golgi!

Never heard of me? I will tell you a little bit about myself..

I am a membrane-bound organelle of eukaryotic cells made of flattened, stacked pouches called sisternae. I am found in both plant and animal cells. My job is to transport, modify, and package proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to different places around the cell. You can find me in the cytoplasm, next to the endoplasmic reticulum, or near the nucleus.

Why am I the most important?

• I am like a mailroom, processing proteins generated in the ER and transporting them to different parts of the cell
• Without me, you would lose your DNA because DNA is composed of protein
• I organize everything within the cell
• Without me, the cell would only live for a short period.
• If I did not exist, the proteins wouldn't be able to travel to other cells, causing more and more cells to die off

How do I function?

I gather simple molecules combining them to make them more complex. I take the more complex molecules and turn them into vesicles. I either store them or send them out of the cell. The vesicles are sent off the cell membrane and travels within the cell

Watch my video!!

https://www.powtoon.com/c/b1dHoqQhx7k/1/m 

https://prezi.com/teoaqa1esbor/golgi-apparatus/

https://www.britannica.com/science/Golgi-apparatus

http://www.softschools.com/science/biology/the_function_of_golgi_apparatus/

.

http://www.biology.lifeeasy.org/17/describe-the-structure-and-function-of-golgi-apparatushttp://www.biology.lifeeasy.org/17/describe-the-structure-and-function-of-golgi-apparatus

Chloroplast

The Chloroplast, the Backbone of the Plant Cell

     Have you ever wondered why plants are green? Must be something important for it to be so common, right? 

HECK YEAH IT'S IMPORTANT! 

     Plants are green because green is the natural colour of chlorophyll, found in the chloroplast. Why is the chloroplast so important? It supplies energy to the rest of the cell, that helps keep every other cell alive. The chloroplast is like the farmer of the cell, no other cells could do their job without the chloroplast to harvest the raw energy. How does the chloroplast get energy? Through a process called photosynthesis. 

     Photosynthesis is a process in which carbon dioxide and water, fueled by sunlight is turned into oxygen and glucose (sugar). The glucose is turned into ATP by the mitochondria, which is used as energy by the cell. You see, without the chloroplast there would be no glucose, and therefore no energy.

Britannica, T. E. (2017, December 27). Chloroplast. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/chloroplast

Chloroplast. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/chloroplast.htm

Britannica, T. E. (2017, December 27). Chloroplast. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/chloroplast

Chloroplast. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/chloroplast.htm

     In conclusion, the chloroplast is the most useful cell because it is the source of all energy in the cell. Without it, all other cells would be useless.

References

Britannica, T. E. (2017, December 27). Chloroplast. Retrieved from            https://www.britannica.com/science/chloroplast

Chloroplast. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/chloroplast.htm

Photosynthesis. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/Photosynthesis.htm

                                                                   

~Chloroplast~

~CHLOROPLAST~

The Best Organelle In the Celluverse!!

*Reasons why chloroplast is the best organelle*

• Chloroplasts are the source of virtually all of the world's food and fuel and much of its oxygen supply, and as such life on Earth depends on them.
• When chloroplast absorbs the energy of the sun, it turns the energy into sugars known as the process of photosynthesis and is a life time supply of food that is easy to obtain.
• as well as making sugars (or glucose) chloroplast is also responsible for making other important plant products such as fats, oils, proteins and scents that are used to making perfumes or colognes.
• If every organism had chloroplast organelles every organism would never be hungry.
• Chloroplast uses sunlight, water, and Co2 to make sugars/glucose and releases oxygen into the atmosphere and benefits any living organism.

_________________________________________________________________________________

Video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-z3uLG8D5g

-References-

• http://www.biologyreference.com/Ce-Co/Chloroplast.html
• http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_chloroplast.html
• https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/chloroplast.htm
• https://www.thoughtco.com/thylakoid-definition-and-function-4125710

I Can't Believe It! But Its True! The Vacuole Is The Most Vital Tool!!!

Vacuole Poster

An Important Message From An Important Organelle

sources;

Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: Plant Cell Structure - Vacuoles. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/vacuole.html,

Andrew Rader Studios. (n.d.). Vacuoles - Storage Bins to the Cells. Retrieved from http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_vacuole.html,

Function of the Vacuole. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.softschools.com/science/biology/function_of_the_vacuole/,
E. (2017, April 29). Food Vacuole - Definition, Function and Quiz. Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/food-vacuole/,
A List of Main Functions of the Vacuole. (2018, April 16). Retrieved from https://biologywise.com/vacuole-function,
Animal Cell. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://biology.tutorvista.com/animal-and-plant-cells/animal-cell.html,
Kilotech SW Series Bench Scale. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.armaghpos.com/product/kilotech-sw-series-bench-scale/,
One Small Step. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.fiverr.com/dustflo11/give-you-a-high-five-in-my-mind,

Source, S. (n.d.). Animal Cell Diagram by Science Source. Retrieved from https://fineartamerica.com/featured/animal-cell-diagram-science-source.html,
Printable Plant Cell Diagram – Labeled, Unlabeled, and Blank. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.timvandevall.com/science/plant-cell-diagram/,
Unlabeled Bacteria clip art. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.clker.com/clipart-unlabeled-bacteria.html,
900,000 Free Vector Clipart & Illustrations to Download. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ubisafe.org/explore,
Vacuoles - Development, Types, Functions and Microscopy. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.microscopemaster.com/vacuoles.html,

The Cell. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://biology.tutorvista.com/cell.html,

Adam-Carr, C., Gabber, M., Hayhoe, C., Hayhoe, D., Ph.D, Hayhoe, K., B.S., M.S.,, & Sander, M., B.S., B.E., M.Ed. (2010). Nelson science perspectives 10: Teachers resource. Toronto, Ont.: Nelson Education.,

BibMe: Free Bibliography & Citation Maker - MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.bibme.org/, 

-Tarez Raheb

Cell Membrane!

Don't Refrain, Vote Membrane!

What is the cell membrane?

The cell membrane is a double layer of lapids and proteins that surrounds the entire cell. It is semipermeable and controls what leaves and enters the cell. All cells have them.

          Why is it so important?
The cell membrane's importance revolves around 3 main ideas;
1. Regulating what comes in and outside the cell. This allows the cell to get access to molecules and such that the cell needs to survive that other organelles retrieve.
2. Keeps ou bad bacteria and viruses that could be harmful to the cell. Without it the cell could be invaded or taken over.
3. Holds the cell together with no cell membrane there wouldn't be a cell, everything would fall apart from one another.



References

Study.com  Why is the Cell Membrane Important? https://study.com/academy/lesson/why-is-the-cell-membrane-important.html

Scitable by Nature Education  Cell Membranes https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cell-membranes-14052567

Cell Organelle Campaign 2014  Cell Membrane https://sites.google.com/a/midpac.edu/cell-organelle-campaing-2014/activities/cell-membrane#TOC-cell-membrane-Speech

Biology Dictionary  Cell Membrane https://biologydictionary.net/cell-membrane/






By: Milla Mastronardi